International Journal of Applied Science and Research

JOHN HOWARD D. NOMBREFIA & ZENAIDA M. CUENCA, MAT

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5533

ABSTRACT: The researcher developed a system tool, the Students Prediction, Monitoring and Evaluation Tool (SPMET), that helps the teachers to monitor and evaluate the student performance and records. The researcher determined the perception of respondents on the features of the tool in terms of content, clarity, user interface and usefulness and the level of effectiveness on the function in terms of Benefits, Usability, Accuracy and Safety of the records and Confidentiality. Furthermore, the significant relationship between the perception on the features of SPMET and effectiveness as to the functions was tested using person r at the 0.05 level of significance. The respondents of the study were 58 teachers of District of San Francisco, Quezon province. Based on the findings, the respondent’s perceived that the features of SPMET and its functions are all Highly Evident and Effective. Moreover, it was revealed that the features and functions of SPMET were not related except for Usefulness which is related to the Safety of the Records and Confidentiality, which lead to the conclusion that the hypothesis of the study was Partially Sustained. Because only the evident level on the features in terms of Usefulness and the level of effectiveness on the function in terms of Safety of the records and Confidentiality has the significant relationship. It is recommended that for the future researchers to conduct additional study and connect or have to correlates the features and functions. The researcher encourages to use SPMET as basis of the solution-based action research based on the results given by the tool and it can be an eye opener to all the teachers, administrators and even the parents and guardians in accessing their child / student.

Keyword: Students Prediction Monitoring and Evaluation Tools (SPMET), Effectiveness, Features of SPMET, Function of SPMET

Kyakonyi Edrine Kiwanuka, (OSM)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5534

ABSTRACT: The ancient philosophical adage "know thyself" has stood the test of time and this self-knowledge is best attained through experience. This experience is a kind of an encounter where one can experience the self as a subject but also as an object as well. Unfortunately, there is a tendency to think that escaping from the self is the source of happiness as we see with some people who are addicted to drugs and a hedonistic lifestyle, and some even go as far as habouring suicidal tendencies and acting on them. Instead of happiness, such choices have instead brought about anxieties, mental illnesses, frustrations, alienation and loneliness among others. In reclaiming the importance of experience in the existential mystery of life that faces man we are well disposed to create an environment that will transform each individual by enabling him or her achieve the fulfilment they seek and desire in life. There will most certainly be a shift in identity, an intensified contact with reality, a simultaneous growth in both participation and detachment, a simultaneous amelioration in freedom and ability to surrender, a unification of the whole experience, an increased sense of self-acceptance and an enhancement of consciousness. This transformation and fulfilment will most certainly lead to the goal and desire of each human person and that is what is discussed in this article as we reflect on the concept of the "Experience of Man" developed by Karol Wojtyla

Keyword: Experience, Man, Subject, Object

1 W.A. Akpan, 2 E.J. Awaka-Ama, 3 C.M.Orazulume

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5535

ABSTRACT: There is always the need to pick and place objects or parts repeatedly in manufacturing especially in mass production. This research work was focused on the design and manufacture of a prototype robotic arm for pick and drop operations. The robotic arm was designed with four degrees of freedom and programmed to lift and drop parts on production line. 3D printing technology was used in the production of the components for the robotic arm. Arduino, an open source computer hardware and software was used to control the robotic arm by means of servo motors. The maximum experimental load carried was 25g at 13.70 seconds.

Keyword: Aduino, robotic arm, pick and drop, programming, servomotors, operations.

Archil Prangishvili, Levan Imnaishvili, Tamar Sanikidze, Maguli Bedineishvili

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5536

ABSTRACT: The process of developing academic programs is labor-intensive and complex. High-level intellectual ability is required from the program's developer. The purpose of the document is development of such methodology and relevant model of academic program construction that would allow for the distribution of the problems related to the program creation between the program creator and the expert system. To that end, a panel of specialists conducts preliminary work to design the framework of the academic program amid of expanded program requirements for the specific study fields and those set by them. On the basis of an academic program framework, several academic programs of the same qualification can be developed. Based on the potential of the suggested model, an opinion has been expressed on the possibility of constructing a computer system for the development and evaluation of academic programs.

Keyword: academic program, academic program construction methodology, automated computer support systems for academic program construction, academic program evaluation.

1 Mohd Effendi, M.N., 1 Ainon Dzahirah, Z., 1 Mirfat, A.H.S.,1 Muhammad Faidhi, T., 1 Muhammad Faris,M.R. and 1 Ahmad Syahman, M.D.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5537

ABSTRACT: Persicaria minor (Huds) Opiz or locally known as kesum is a popular aromatic herb used as food additive to enhance flavour. Several studies reported its biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antivirus, antiinflammatory, antiulcer and anticytotoxicity. However, there is lack of literature review on antibacterial activity of different accessions of P. minor extracted using different solvents. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 6 accessions of Persicaria minor: MKSM002, MKSM004, MKSM006, MKSM011, MKSM013, MKSM020, extracted using 70% methanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate against five pathogens: Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544, Enterobacter aerugenes ATCC 13048, Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 using disc diffusion method. Extraction using 70% methanol produced the highest yield. All extracts exhibited promising antibacterial activity with various inhibition zones against all pathogen tested. Among three solvents and six accessions, 70% methanol extract of MKSM002, MKSM004 and MKSM006 showed the widest inhibition zone against E. auregenes and S. aureus. Methanol extract of MKSM004 also showed highest activity against L. innocua followed by MKSM011 methanol extract against E. aerugenes and L. innocua. Dichloromethane MKSM006 extract showed similar strength of the activity against S. aureus. While the other extracts showed a significantly lower inhibition zone with a diameter of the inhibition zone between 7.25 to 10.50 mm for all pathogens tested. The commercial antibiotic Penicillin used as positive control only inhibited C. sakazakii, E. aerugenes and S. aureus. For minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), 70% methanol extract of P. minor accessions recorded the lowest concentration compared to dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts. This study suggests that P. minor accessions are promising antibacterial agent and 70% methanol is the most suitable solvent to extract compounds from P. minor for biological activity study.

Keyword: accession, antimicrobial, aromatic herb, pathogen, solvents

Mustapha Shehu 1, Jibrin Mohammed 2, and Saleh Abdullahi Toro 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5538

ABSTRACT: Electronic waste possesses toxic substances that have detrimental effects on human health and the natural surroundings. The escalating volume of e-waste production poses an amplified threat to both developed and developing nations. The purpose of the study was to explore how the awareness of the situation regarding e-waste influences the practice of e-waste management among electronic technicians in Bauchi metropolis. The study utilized Situational Awareness Theory (SAT) to determine the influence of awareness on e-waste management practices among electronic technicians. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey approach, and proportionate random sampling was utilized to guarantee fair representation across various groups. A total of 265 questionnaires were administered, and 248 (93.6%) were successfully returned. After addressing concerns such as missing data, outliers, and normality through statistical methods, 238 responses (89.8%) were considered valid for determining unidimensionality via principal component analysis and varimax rotation. IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was utilized to facilitate the process. The research model was evaluated using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) version 3.2.6. The result of hypothesis testing showed that Awareness on Environmental Risk, have significant effect on e-waste management practice. Thus, an increase in the awareness of the negative impact of e-waste on the environment will improve e-waste management practice among electronic technicians. The findings of this study will support decision makers towards enacting policy that will further enhance proper e-waste management practice not only by electronic technicians but by all information technology users.

Keyword: E-waste; E-waste Management Practice; Awareness Health Risk; Environmental Risk.

Achmad Herman

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5539

ABSTRACT: Online-based media has significantly changed information technology, and currently affects a quick spread of health crisis information to the public. All the news presented is provided by journalists through the activities of reporting, writing, and criticizing news. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and analyze journalists' preferences in reporting the health crisis in Indonesia using qualitative methods. The data were collected using semistructured interviews from 54 Indonesian health crisis journalists. The results showed that journalists preferred collecting accurate data, positive news, educating with opinion, straight and features news, and investigative reports. However, some weaknesses of opinion and features news were also reported, including failure to cover health crises.

Keyword: COVID-19, Health News in Crisis, Journalist

Fatoumata Konare 1, Singou, Keita 2*, Mamadou A. Konare 2, Mamadou M. Traore 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5540

ABSTRACT: Water is a vital substance for life, the human organism contains an average 70%. This study aimed to analyze the physicochemical quality of water from boreholes and wells collected in two neighborhoods of Bamako (Sokorodji and Sogoniko). The water samples were taken at forty water points in use, including 10 boreholes and 10 wells for each site. The physicochemical parameters including the pH, conductivity, color, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, ferrous ions, chlorides, bicarbonates, nitrates, nitrites, fluorides, sulphates, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were carried out. Based on the results, a majority of physiochemical characteristics of the drinking water were in favor of a good hygiene. In other sides, many others important parameters provided alerts about the consumption of these water. For instance, the levels of these parameters indicated that all the wells of Sogoniko (100%) are non- standards with the standards and those of Sokorodji at 90%. As for the boreholes, the rate of non- standards was 70% for Sogoniko against 60% for Sokorodji. The menace is stronger in Sogoniko’s water points than Sokorodji’s ones. Also, it appears the water from boreholes was safer than those from wells in the both. The data constitute one more alert for the Malian authorities about drinking water for local populations of Bamako.

Keyword: Boreholes, wells, physicochemical parameters, Bamako.

Bernard Bushe and Mkateko Raymond Maluleke

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5541

ABSTRACT: This article explores the potential benefits of establishing partnerships with major stakeholders to improve mathematics and science education in the Vhembe District. The abstract provides an overview of the key points discussed in the article, highlighting the significance of collaboration with universities, research institutions, private organizations, and community members. These partnerships offer valuable expertise, resources, and support to enhance instructional practices, curriculum development, teacher training, student engagement, and community involvement. The abstract emphasizes the importance of engaging external stakeholders in education and the specific contributions they can make in mathematics and science education. It highlights the expertise and research findings that universities and research institutions bring to the table, enabling the implementation of evidence-based practices and innovative teaching approaches. It also acknowledges the role of private organizations in providing access to advanced technology tools, software applications, and instructional materials that enhance student learning experiences. Furthermore, the abstract highlights the significance of professional development opportunities for teachers through partnerships with stakeholders. It emphasizes the benefits of mentorship programs and enrichment initiatives, which inspire and motivate students to pursue mathematics and science. The abstract also underscores the importance of community engagement, with partnerships fostering public lectures, science exhibitions, and community-based projects that promote awareness, support, and appreciation for mathematics and science education. In summary, the abstract provides a concise overview of the potential benefits of partnerships with major stakeholders in improving mathematics and science education in the Vhembe District. It emphasizes the collaborative and dynamic nature of these partnerships, which enhance teaching practices, curriculum development, teacher training, student engagement, and community involvement. The abstract serves as a preview of the comprehensive article, highlighting the value and significance of collaboration in transforming mathematics and science education in the Vhembe District.

Keyword: mathematics education, science education, Vhembe District, partnerships, major stakeholders, expertise, resources, instructional practices, curriculum development, teacher training, student engagement, community involvement, universities, research institutions, private organizations, community members, mentorship programs, enrichment initiatives, professional development, collaboration, transformative change.

Eska Riyanti 1, Pudjiati 2, Nelly Yardes 3, Neneng Widia 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5542

ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that needs to be managed with monitoring and control. Putting a diabetic mellitus diet into practice is one method. One of the things that can influence diet compliance is family support. The objective is to provide a general picture of how family support and dietary compliance relate in elderly diabetic patients. This quantitative study uses a cross-sectional approach and an analytical-descriptive design. The study's target demographic was an aged group in East Jakarta with diabetes mellitus. 64 individuals made up the sample in this study. Purposive sampling, a type of non-probability sampling, was utilized as the sample method in this study. Chi-square test was employed in data analysis. According to the findings, up to 40 individuals (62.5%) and 34 people (53.1%), respectively, among the elderly have strong family ties and follow a healthy diet. The findings of the statistical analyses revealed a strong correlation between family support and dietary adherence in elderly diabetes mellitus participants (p-value = 0.028; OR = 3.714). Family support and dietary adherence have a significant connection in elderly diabetes mellitus patients.

Keyword: family support; dietary adherence; elderly

Toyin Amunigun

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5543

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a detailed economic analysis of a proposed regulation to limit carbon dioxide emissions from diesel generators in the United States. The analysis is conducted through a cost-benefit framework, with the objective of determining whether the societal benefits of reduced carbon dioxide emissions would outweigh the economic costs of the regulation. The study draws from previous research on the application of costbenefit analysis in the context of environmental policy, particularly climate change. It then estimates the potential benefits from avoided carbon dioxide emissions, and contrasts these with the costs that could arise from implementing carbon capture technologies, a reduction in the diesel generator sector's value, and a drop in diesel fuel demand. The results suggest that the economic costs of the proposed regulation outweigh the benefits, both in the short term and the long run. However, the paper concludes with a call for continued efforts in finding economically and environmentally balanced solutions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, particularly in sectors with significant contributions like the electric power sector.

Keyword: Cost-Benefit Analysis, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Diesel Generators, Environmental Regulation, Carbon Capture, Alternative Energy Sources, Diesel Fuel Demand, Economic Impact, Environmental Policy.

S.R. Kabara 1, A. H. Abdullahi 2, M. A. Lawan 3, F.A. Idris 4 , M. S. Musa 5 & S. I. Musa 6

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5544

ABSTRACT: Special functions are crucial in defining the concept of fractional calculus. Over the years, numerous extensions and generalizations of the special functions were explored by many researchers. This paper presents a generalization of the extended beta function in [1]. Some integral representations of the generalized extended beta functions, properties and Mellin transforms were also investigated. Moreover, the generalized Gauss, Appel and Lauricella hypergeometric functions, Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative operator and the generalized extended beta distribution were also discussed.

Keyword: Extended beta function, extended gamma function, modified Bessel function, hypergeometric function, Mellin transform and Fractional derivative.

Endang Banon 1, Omi Haryati 2, Indriana Rakhmawati 3, Nurhalimah 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5545

ABSTRACT: Physical, psychological, and social changes in the elderly can cause sleep disturbances. This disorder is caused by several things, such as physical illness or anxiety. To overcome this, can be overcome by giving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. This therapy aims to change negative behavior into positive behavior that has an impact on improving sleep quality. Respondents were selected through a purposive sampling technique, totaling 86 respondents who met the inclusive criteria. Before the research was carried out, the respondents received an explanation of the research and signed an agreement. Data was collected by filling out a questionnaire. The intervention was carried out using a module consisting of 5 activity sessions. Data analysis using dependent t.test. The results of the analysis obtained a value of sleep quality p = 0.000, indicating a significant relationship between the administration of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the sleep quality of the elderly. Conclusion: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can improve the sleep quality of the elderly.

Keyword: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, elderly, sleep disturbance, sleep quality

ERVIE C. ROMEY & BERNARDO A. ZABALA JR.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5546

ABSTRACT: This study determined the reading proficiency level of grade four pupils using the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil IRI) and their level of mastery using Comprehensive Assessment of Reading strategies (CARS) in relation to their reading strategies applied in reading. One hundred eighty-four pupils were selected randomly from six schools in the District of San Leonardo, Division of Nueva Ecija. Phil-Iri identified the reading proficiency level of pupils while CARS determined the reading strategies applied. The results were correlated to establish the relationship of reading level and reading strategies. The results revealed that the reading proficiency level was Frustration. Their reading strategies ranked from the most mastered to least mastered. As a result, the six most mastered strategies gathered from the six schools both big and small are: recalling facts and details ranked first; distinguishing between real and make believe ranked second; recognizing cause and effect and finding word in context ranked third; understanding sequence ranked fifth, and finding the main idea ranked sixth. The six least mastered strategy was ranked as: comparing and contrasting, seventh; making predictions, eighth; drawing conclusions and making inferences, ninth; identifying author’s purpose, tenth; and interpreting figurative language, eleventh; and distinguishing between fact and opinion, twelfth. Among the twelve reading strategies, those with significant relationship to the reading proficiency level of grade four pupils were: understanding sequence in lesson one, finding main idea, recalling facts and details, recognizing cause and effect, finding word in context, and identifying author’s purpose in lesson two and finding word in context in lesson three.

Keyword:inferences, predictions, comparing, contrasting, frustration

Jennifer G. Zeta 1, Cecilia Q. Velasco 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5547

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to determine the relationship between the perceived challenges and manifested coping mechanism of Elementary teachers in the new normal situation. Using the descriptive-correlation research approach to conduct a thorough analysis of the study, the researcher used a survey on perceived challenges of teachers and a survey on coping mechanism used by Makabenta, (2021) in her study. The data revealed that teachers are greatly challenge in terms of quality learning, students' difficulty on following instructions, increase number of non-readers, increased number of non-numerates, parents support in the learning of the pupils, and health risk. However, these teachers dealt with these challenges by employing coping mechanism in terms of positive well-being, time management, openness to change, peer mentoring, and collaboration. Moreover, this study shows a significant relationship between the perceived challenges and manifested coping mechanism of the teachers in the new normal. The complexity of teaching and learning has been intensified by the pandemic, but teachers find its way to cope with the challenges of the new normal.

Keyword:challenges, coping mechanism, new normal, pandemic.

Mkateko Raymond Maluleke & Bernard Bushe

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5548

ABSTRACT: By almost any measure, all public schools in South Africa do not have enough time for sports under democratic dispensation which is another blow to the youth of the country as this may lead to loitering on the streets during the day unlike those years when sports were taken seriously to the country. Magasela (2023) cites that back in the day, school-going children would not be found loitering in the streets during the day unless it was Sports Day where there would be movements in township and rural areas either to football grounds or race tracks. School sports in Zizi Kodwa’s priority list to make sure that the country finds that missing chord in the sports, arts and culture sector. The dawn of democracy placed children's education in the hands of parents so that they could reap the benefits of their own intentions and hard work on their children's education, as the government in power in the country believes that people shall govern, and indeed, parents govern in this aspect of education (Maluleke, Cassim & Karodia, 2016:1). Parents have got a huge responsibility in getting all other major stakeholders on board to resuscitate the spirit of different sporting codes in the country that produced the legends in different sporting codes emanating from school tournaments which saw our flag raised on various levels during those years. Therefore is the primary objective of this study to explore the affiliation between parents, learners, teachers, department of sports, department of education and government in order to produce the dedicated ready oriented athletes, soccer players, swimmers, netball players, cricket players, rugby players and others to be absorbed into senior national teams as they would be prepared enough from their respective schools by which such will make them fit in at easy at national level where they would be expected to represent their country to compete with other countries at global show piece and win trophies as done before by rugby team in 1995 and national soccer team in 1996. All the stakeholders mentioned above should not be concerned about only teaching and learning at school to an extent that extracurricular activities are compromised to the core by not given any attention though during the apartheid era sports was the mainstay of schools starting from primary to high schools ultimately to universities.

Keyword:School governing bodies (SGBs); governors; parents; sports; learners; students; teachers; schools; universities; departments.

1 *W.A. Akpan, 2 C. M. Orazulume,3 E.J. Oduobuk

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5549

ABSTRACT: The problem of drag and lift optimization is one underlying problem in the field of aerodynamics, aviation and aeronautical science. Mankind for centuries has sought to study nature and to apply relevant information obtained to solve myriads of flight problems. The research was actualized by carrying out investigation on the way the very masters of flight (birds) navigate effortlessly through the air. The problem of flapping was considered on flight condition. A flapping aircraft was thereafter modelled and simulated. A flapping frequency of 1.2 Hertz was designed and arrived at using a wingspan of 1.2 meters. The pressure distribution obtained was between 1  2.71x10 Pascal to 1 1.24x10 Pascal and the velocity 3 9.86 10 x m/s to 8.98m/s on the aircraft. The results generated have provided additional information for aerodynamics, aviation and aeronautical science for improvement on flight condition.

Keyword:Aerodynamics, Birds’ flight, applications, flapping frequency, flight modeling, simulation.

Garin A. Boiser, MA, MS

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5550

ABSTRACT: Considering the sudden shift from traditional learning to online and the closure of HEIs during the coronavirus-19 pandemic, issues associated with the adoption of online learning have emerged. A fully online flipped classroom pedagogical approach was employed to face these difficulties in teaching the Core Teacher Education Program at Central Mindanao University, College of Education. Within this context, the study aimed to investigate the factors that contribute to the learning satisfaction of pre-service teachers in a fully online flipped classroom. Specifically, the study focused on the role of engagement and self-regulation skills in predicting learning satisfaction. The descriptive-correlational technique was used in the study to provide a more in-depth grasp of the research concerns. The study's participants were pre-service teachers enrolled at Central Mindanao University's College of Education's Core Teacher Education Program. The researcher employed a self-report questionnaire to assess student involvement, interest, and motivation in the online learning environment to quantify engagement. A similar selfreport questionnaire that examined the ability to create objectives, manage time, and govern one's own learning was used to test self-regulation skills. Learning satisfaction was examined using a Likert scale questionnaire that rated pre-service teachers' overall satisfaction with the fully online flipped classroom approach. The questionnaire data was evaluated using statistical approaches such as correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. This study found that pre-service teachers in a fully online flipped classroom were highly engaged and demonstrated strong self-regulation skills. They were satisfied with the active learning opportunities provided by the approach. The study also revealed a significant relationship between engagement, self-regulation skills, and learning satisfaction. Specifically, learning engagement and metacognitive skills were identified as predictors of learning satisfaction. These findings suggest that the fully online flipped classroom approach can be an effective alternative to hybrid instruction and can be adapted for online learning in higher education post-COVID-19.

Keyword:fully online flipped classroom, engagement, self-regulation, learning satisfaction

Inthushan T 1, Perera HPN 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5551

ABSTRACT: In present-day sports, recognizing the significance of psychological factors on athletic performance has become paramount. Coaches, athletes, and sports administrators now acknowledge that success in sports goes beyond mere physical talent. This research delves into the concept of mental toughness along with gender and its impact on athletic performance, particularly in weightlifting within Sri Lanka. Mental toughness was measured with the concepts of confidence, constancy, and control. It was determined that the gender, Constancy, Confidence and Control are statistically significant at a 5% significance level. According to this analysis, gender and confidence positively affect the performance of players while Constancy and Control show a negative relationship. In the context of Sri Lanka, weightlifting has received limited attention in research, especially in the Northern Province. This study aims to bridge this gap and enhance understanding of the factors influencing weightlifting performance.

Keyword:Mental Toughness, Weightlifting, Confidence, Constancy, Control, Performance

Mkateko Raymond Maluleke, Zeleke Worku & Mammo Muchie

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5552

ABSTRACT: The demise of apartheid in 1994 was heralded nationally and internationally as a victory for democracy and human rights. It offered unique opportunities and responsibilities to reconstruct a fragmented and deeply discriminatory education system, and establish a unified national system underpinned by democracy, equity, redress, transparency and participation (Sibiya, 2001:1). The dawn of democracy placed children's education in the hands of parents so that they could reap the benefits of their own intentions and hard work on their children's education, as the government in power in the country believes that people shall govern, and indeed, parents govern in this aspect of education (Maluleke, Cassim & Karodia, 2016:1). During apartheid education was centralized and parents never participated in how their children should be taught unlike under democracy whereby parents have got huge say in the education of their children as they control school finances through the delegation authority invested upon the principal by school governing body unlike before whereby the principal was responsible with everything to an extent that he or she would choose even one school committee member they wish to work with on behalf of all parents. The social reconstruction had to be linked to economic development in the next context of global economies and internalization. The dual goals are captured in the mission statement of the Department of education: “Our vision is of a South Africa in which all people have equal access to lifelong education and training opportunities which will contribute towards improving the quality of life and build a peaceful, prosperous and democratic society (DOE, 1996). This study explores how far the governors could handle school finances at this particular moment as the law dictates that they have to be in charge of school finances in order to ensure that schools provide quality learning and teaching unlike during apartheid wherein the school finances were known only by the principal and the department.

Keyword:School governing body (SGB); principal; learners; teachers; parents; School management team (SMT); auditors; support staff; department of education; circuit officials; district officials; head of department and MEC

Abdalla I. Ali* 1, Eunice W. Kairu 2, Zakia M. Abubakar 1 and Islam. S.S. Mchenga 3.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5553

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed at exploring, the reproductive phenological pattern of four major mangroves species of Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagal and Avicennia marina in Nyeke and Michamvi forests in the Southern region of Zanzibar. Our result show that peak periods for budding, flowering, fruitset, fruit abortion and fruiting were different in the two study sites and among different mangrove species. Weather is the major factor found to trigger the production of buds and flowers. Avicennia marina reproductive pattern in Zanzibar slightly differ between the two study sites. Rhizophora mucronata showed similar phenological trends with Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Ceriops tagal. Temperature variations seem to influence flower buds, flowers and fruit production in the two study sites. This study has added ecological knowledge that could be useful for management and conservation of mangroves biodiversity in Zanzibar and East Africa.

Keyword:buds; flower; fruits; mangroves; phenology; climate; species.

Korablev G.A.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5554

ABSTRACT: The maximum and effective energies of an atomic structure equal the sum of their entropic energy components. This summation is performed for systems in equilibrium entropic state and following special rules. The spatial-energy parameter is obtained, which numerically equals the most effective energy in structural interactions. The computational and analytical method for evaluating the solubility and phase formation for complex multicomponent metal systems is developed. The calculation results are quite coherent with the experimental data. The technique based on entropic principles for calculating the activation energy of self-diffusion and volumetric diffusion of atoms in solids is presented.

Keyword:entropic principles, maximum energy, effective energy, atomic structures, spatial-energy parameter, solid solutions, solubility, diffusion, activation energy.

Kolajo Adedamola Akinyede 1, Habeebat Adekilekun Oyewusi 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5555

ABSTRACT: The highly complex, multistep and genetic events that characterise the process of carcinogenesis promote transformations in various types of cancer including haematological malignancies. Haematological malignancies being heterogeneous affect the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic systems with the propensity of transformation from one subtype to another. This has made haematological malignancies classification a task that must be approached holistically such that trends in this disease entity are harnessed through research, publications and clinical investigation update to produce a standard document for World Health Organisation (WHO) as a guideline for haematological malignancies classification. The plethora of antineoplastic agents are available and far from being exhausted as more are continually being developed and undergoing clinical trials to affirm their use in haematological malignancies. This review attempts to discuss haematological malignancies classification, some classes of chemotherapy drugs having different mechanisms of action, degree of therapeutics value or activity, specificity or variation and their use for the treatment of different subtypes of haematological malignancies.

Keyword:Haematological malignancies, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Classification, Transformation and WHO.

NOUMBOUH SEGNOU Ramatou 1, WOUNBA Jean Francois 2, TCHIO POKAM Jude Desmond 3, MVONDO FANGA Aubin Loic 4.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5556

ABSTRACT: Context: Since the 1960s, abbreviated geographic information systems, more commonly GIS, which are techniques combining cartography with databases, have emerged thanks to a grouping of information structured and organized in a certain logic in the computer tool called server. Our study focuses on jointly funded road projects. The latter comes up against the inaccessibility of remote work data since they are poorly archived; it is necessary to ask how to continue the control, and the correct archiving of the data of these projects so that we can have remote access and in real time if necessary? Objective: Development of a geographic information and road project monitoring tool based on a multifunctional database. Material and method: data collection with excel software and a smartphone, close to the project engineers, presentation of the processing and analysis processes of the acquired data (georeferencing which made it possible to set all the layers in the same repository, the digitalization of the linear concerned) as well as the development of the database followed by the design of the tools and production of the maps of the various projects. Results: Implementation of a webmapping tool for the archives and remote data access consisting of a database supported by a dynamic information exchange tool and a cartographic interface configured for publication, visualization, project mapping. Conclusion: This tool must allow the archiving of data from work already carried out, remote access to this data, monitoring of the progress of work, as well as the visualization of the cartography of the various works built.

Keyword:Database, GIS, Shapefile, Webmapping, spatial reference, webGeo, joint funding, georeferencing.